Editing v0.31:Stonegears/Metalworking

:''Back to the [[Main:../|main tutorial page]]''

==Uses for metalworking, glass making and ceramics==
* If you have the '''INVADERS''' [[Main:../Options|option]]‡ set to YES then you'll definitely need to make [[metal]] armor and weapons.  A [[military]] with equipment made entirely from [[wood]], [[bone]] and [[stone]] isn't going to be very effective.
* Some [[Main:../Nobles|nobles]]‡ will make [[demand]]s and production [[mandate]]s for metal, [[glass]] and [[ceramic]] items.
* Making [[statue]]s out [[gold]], [[platinum]] or [[aluminum]] is a good way to make high-value [[furniture]] which can be installed into [[room]]s to raise their quality or be put into communal areas so admiring them can give happy [[thought]]s.
* [[Goblet]]s made from gold can be used to buy a lot of stuff from the [[caravan]]s.
* If your fortress is at a site with no [[tree]]s on the surface, like a [[desert]] or [[glacier]], you can make [[bin]]s, [[bucket]]s, [[crutch]]es and [[splint]]s out of metal in order to conserve your supplies of wood (though you can get everything but bins from [[caravan]]s).
* If you have any [[sand]] or [[clay]] floors on your site you can collect an endless amount of the materials for making glass and ceramics.

==Normal forges and furnaces vs magma powered ones==
[[Forge]]s and [[furnace]]s need power in order to operate.  Normal ones are powered by consuming [[fuel]], either [[charcoal]] made from [[wood]] or coke refined from [[bituminous coal]] or [[lignite]]. The [[magma]] version are powered by being placed one [[z-level]] above magma and need no fuel.  Magma is usually obtained from the ubiquitous [[magma sea]], but is sometimes acquired from a [[volcano]] instead.

===Advantages of magma power===
The advantage of magma power all stem from the fact that you can use it endlessly without using up any fuel:

* You can [[melt]] all of the iron weapons and armor left behind by [[goblin]] [[siege]]s, turning them into bars your metal workers can use, without using up all your fuel.
* You can train your [[armorsmith]] and [[weaponsmith]] by having them make weapons and armor out of [[copper]] and [[silver]], so they'll have more [[experience]] when they later use [[steel]] or [[adamantine]].
* You can recycle all your low [[quality]] products via melting.
* If you have any sand on your site you can churn out endless amounts of raw glass to train your [[gem setter]] and [[gem cutter]].
* If you have any sand or clay on your site you can churn out endless amounts of glass and ceramic goods to trade to the caravans. Glass and ceramic are three times more valuable than ordinary rock and 50% more valuable than [[flux]].  (Of course, a skilled stonecrafter is going to make more valuable stone goods than an unskilled glassmaker or potter).

===Disadvantages of magma power===
The big disadvantage of magma power is that the magma usually comes from the magma sea, which is usually 60 or more z-levels below the surface, meaning that not only do you have to dig down quite a ways, but if the main part of your fortress is up near the surface there's a long round trip of anyone involved.

===Mitigating the problem of magma power===
There are multiple ways of dealing with the problem of the long round trips:

* Make a second living area down near the magma sea, including [[bedroom]]s, and manually assign the bedrooms to anyone working down there.  This way the only dwarves making long round trips will be the [[hauling|haulers]].
* You can make a 1x1 tile wide pit going all the way down to your magma works and put a [[Activity zone#Garbage_Dump|garbage dump]] next to it so that [[dumping|dumped]] items will be thrown down it, to save the time on hauling items all the way down.  However, this requires a bit of micromanagement, especially to dump down [[bag]]s of [[sand]] without spilling the sand.
* Choose a fortress site which has a [[volcano]], so you can put your magma works near the surface.
* Move some magma up closer to the surface (taking advantage of the fact that magma in Dwarf Fortress never cools, thus acting as an infinite source of energy):
** You can move magma up by using [[pump]]s made from [[magma safe]] materials.
** You can take advantage of the game's simplistic simulation of liquid displacement via a [[magma piston]], which will teleport magma up many z-levels.
* Build your fortress down near the magma sea. You can use the water from the lowest [[cavern]] to [[irrigation|irrigate]] rock for [[farming]], leaving only few dwarfs up near the surface to cut down trees for wood.  You'll only need to go up to the surface to [[trade]] with [[caravan]]s and to fight [[ambush]]es and [[siege]]s.

==Safely tapping into the magma sea==
We're going to build a set of magma powered workshops, so you will know how it's done, and so you don't have to worry about running out of [[fuel]]. If you end up using it a lot you should make a second living area down there for the workers (including a [[sculpture garden]], [[zoo]] or [[Activity zone#Meeting_Area|meeting area activity zone]] so they don't trek all the way up to the surface when [[on break]]).

You're going to dig some tunnels and connect them to the magma sea to flood them with magma, thus bringing the magma to your workshops. However, there are dangerous monsters living in the sea that you want to keep out.  You could use either a [[floodgate]] or a [[bridge|drawbridge]] connected to a [[lever]] to let magma into the tunnels and then block off the sea, but since some of the inhabitants of the magma sea are [[building destroyer]]s which can destroy floodgates you'll want to use a drawbridge.  Since the drawbridge and the [[mechanism]] connecting it to the lever are going to be submerged in magma for a while they need to be made out of [[magma safe]] material to prevent them from being destroyed.  ((INSTRUCTIONS ON DIGGING OUT SOME MAGMA SAFE STONE))

Now put a stone [[Main:../Stockpiles|stockpile]] next to the mechanic's workshop, accepting only the magma safe stone.  Once some of the rock has been deposited there, add three "make mechanism" jobs to the workshop to ensure that at least two magma safe mechanisms are made (the first chunk of rock your mechanic picks might not be a magma safe one, depending upon where s/he is when the job is accepted).  Only the mechanism attached to the drawbridge needs to be magma safe, but to avoid accidentally attaching the wrong mechanism to the bridge both mechanisms involved in the connection should be magma safe.  The mechanism the lever is made from does ''not'' need to be magma safe.

Go back to the 1x1 tile exploratory stairwell you dug down to the magma see and widen it to 3 tiles wide (if your miners are digging else, remove enough of the mining designation ({{K|d}}-{{K|x}}) to stop them so they can concentrate on this).  When you get down to relative depth ____, absolute elevation ____, stop and lay out some unconnected designations for workshops, hallway, and stone stockpile, like this:

 SCREENSHOT PLACEHOLDER
:''Turn on [[note]]s mode ({{K|N}}) to reveal flashing {{DFtext|*|cyan}} notes to show you were the 3x3 workshop spaces should be centered''

The upstairs ({{K|d}}-{{K|u}}) in the hallway are to a stockpile for finished goods and smelted bars of metal.

Designate a downstairs ({{K|d}}-{{K|j}}) where the flashing {{DFtext|>|cyan}} note is, an upstairs ({{K|d}}-{{K|u}}) right under it a level down, then dig out tunnels to match up with the following:

 SCREENSHOT PLACEHOLDER
:''The notes ({{K|N}}) are '''next''' to the tunnels, not on top of them''

At the end of the tunnel right next to the magma sea, place a west raising [[bridge|drawbridge]] ({{K|b}}-{{K|g}}-{{K|a}}-{{K|Enter}}) and choose a chunk of the [[magma safe]] rock to build it from.  Place a [[lever]] ({{K|b}}-{{K|T}}-{{K|l}}) on the level with the furnaces and forges, and connect it up to the bridge using the magma safe mechanisms ({{K|q}}-{{K|a}}-{{K|b}}).

Once the bridge is linked up, designate all the rocks in the tunnel to be forbidden ({{K|d}}-{{K|b}}-{{K|f}}) so that no dwarf goes down there to pick some up, then one level up [[construct]] a [[wall]] ({{K|b}}-{{K|C}}-{{K|w}}) over the downstairs into the tunnel.  With the tunnels blocked off,  dig north to the where the blinking {{DFtext|C|cyan}} note ({{K|N}}) is and at the {{DFtext|C|cyan}} designate a [[channel]] ({{K|d}}-{{K|h}}).  The channel will dig out the stone wall at the {{DFtext|C|cyan}}, the floor underneath it, ''and'' the stone wall one level down, letting the magma sea flood into the tunnels.  Construct a wall ({{K|b}}-{{K|C}}-{{K|w}}) over the hole to block off the magma sea.

Now you just have to wait for the tunnels to fill up.  You can tell how full they are by looking ({{K|k}} at the magma. It will show {{DFtext|Magma [&lt;Depth>/7]|red}}, where a [[water depth|depth]] of 7 is full up to the ceiling.  Then tunnels will be full enough when their ends are at least 5 deep.  At that point make sure there aren't any monsters in the tunnels and pull the ({{K|q}}-{{K|a}}-{{K|P}}) to raise the drawbridge, closing off the tunnels from the magma sea.

==Smelters==
Connect up for digging the designations for the hallway, stockpile and one of the 3x3 workshop areas between the hallway and stockpile, making sure to connect it to both:

 SCREENSHOT PLACEHOLDER

The stockpile is for rocks that will be involved in smelting, which will go into the [[smelter]] via the opening to the ___ and the across the hall to the forges or up the stairs to the second stockpile (which you can dig out yourself when you're ready for it).

Even though you've dug out the 3x3 area, it's not fully ready to support a magma smelter, since there needs to be a way to let in the heat of the magma.  The magma must be visible through at least one hole in the floor which ''isn't'' the center of the 3x3 area.  To do this, dig a 1x1 [[channel]] ({{K|d}}-{{K|h}}) either east or west of the center of the room.

 SCREENSHOT PLACEHOLDER

Now to place it. Though smelters and other [[furnace]]s look and act like workshops, they're placed by a different menu.  Use {{K|b}}-{{K|e}} to get to the menu, the {{K|l}} to select a magma powered smelter.  Once placed, it will take someone with the [[architecture]] labor enable to design it, just like for bridges.  Note that, since it involves architecture, it does ''not'' need someone with the furnace operator [[labor]] enabled to finish building it, but someone with masonry.  You'll still have to give one of your dwarves the furnace operator labor to use it, though.

With the smelter constructed, try adding a job to it ({{K|q}}-{{K|a}}).  You'll see that, unlike with the other workshops so far, you can choose ''exactly'' what type of raw material you want to use.  A job will be in {{DFtext|white}} if you have the right raw materials and {{DFtext|red|red}} if you don't.  Except for [[melt]]ing none of the jobs have a key associated with them, so you have to scroll with {{K|-}} and {{K|+}} to highlight a job and {{K|Enter}} to add it.

In addition to the "Smelt &lt;rock> Ore" jobs, you'll see some "Make ...." jobs.  These are for producing [[coke]] (more on this later) and for making [[Metal#alloy|alloys]].  Alloys can be made either from metal [[bar]]s, indicated by "(use bars)", or by directly mixing together the ores which make the metals that go into the alloy, indicated by "(use ore)".

===Making steel===
Making [[steel]] is more involved than smelting other metals:

# Make two bars of [[iron]]. 
# Make one of the iron bars into a bar of [[pig iron]] by combining it with a piece of [[fuel]] (which supplies carbon) and a chunk of [[flux]] rock (like the _____ near the surface of your fortress). 
# Combine the iron bar and the pig iron bar with a second piece of fuel and second piece of flux to make two bars of steel.

You can get the fuel either by turning [[wood]] into charcoal at a [[wood furnace]] or by turning [[lignite]] or [[bituminous coal]] into coke at a smelter.  Since you want to save on wood, and there's lignite and coal available, you'll want to do the second.  At a magma smelter lignite has a net product of two pieces of coke and bituminous coal has a net product of three pieces of coke (non-magma smelters ''use'' fuel to ''make'' fuel, so the net product of coke is one less when using them).  Thus, at a magma smelter the set of jobs, in proper order, for making steel is:

* Smelt &lt;iron> Ore
* Smelt &lt;iron> Ore
* Make coke from &lt;lignite or coal>
* Make pig iron bars
* Make steel bars

If you put each of the five jobs on [[repeat]] then the smelter will cycle through them, spitting out steel bars until it runs out raw materials.  Note that if you make coke from coal instead of lignite you'll end up with an extra piece of coke for every two steel bars you make, so after a while you'll need to remove the "make coke" job to use them up, and then put it back in when you've used up all the excess.

===Setting up the smelter stockpile===
If you're going to be using the forges and smelters with any regularity you're going to want to turn off the [[hauling]] labors for your metal workers and put a [[Main:../Stockpiles|stockpile]]‡ right next to the smelters for the things your smelters will be using, so they can spend their time smelting while haulers take care of moving the rocks all the way down to the magma sea.  While you ''could'' make one large stockpile that accepts everything, this would be a bad idea, as it might fill up almost entirely with one sort of ore, leaving only a few spaces for the other ores you're smelting.  Instead, you should make several independent stockpiles, one for each type of stone you're using at the smelters.  In particular, if smelting [[steel]], you should make one stockpile for [[iron]] ores, one stockpile of the same size for [[flux]], and one stockpile half the size for [[coal]] and [[lignite]].

===Job canceled: need 150 bars of metal===
If you're making an [[Metal#Alloys|alloy]] from metal [[bar]]s (but not directly from ores) or making [[pig iron]] or [[steel]], but run out of the metal bars needed, you'll get a cancellation message saying that 150 bars of the missing metal are needed (or even multiples of 150).  This is a bug.  It's just one (or two or three) bars that are actually needed.

==Forges==
Connect the 3x3 digging designation across the hallway to dig out room for the [[forge]], and [[channel]] ({{K|d}}-{{K|h}}) out a 1x1 tile hole in the floor one tile west or east of the center to let the heat of the magma in.

When it comes to placing and building the forge, keep in mind that even though it uses heat, a forge doesn't fall under the category of a [[furnace]], so it's found under the workshop menu rather than the furnaces menu, and it ''doesn't'' use the [[architecture]] or [[masonry]] labors to build, but one of the four metal working [[labor]]s (aside from [[furnace operator]]).  Two of your starting dwarves, _____ and ____ (with the custom professions "Mine/Arm" and "Mine/Weap") are an [[armorsmith]] and [[weaponsmith]] in addition to being miners, so for this part you'll probably want to turn their mining labor off, or turn the [[metalsmithing]] or [[metal crafting]] labors an for a different dwarf (unless one of your migrants has one of these skills).

A magma powered forge can be placed with {{K|b}}-{{K|w}}-{{K|v}}.  In addition to being made from a rock, making a forge also takes an [[anvil]], one of which is still sitting in your wagon.

When the forge is built, adding a job to it ({{K|q}}-{{K|a}}) will show a menu with these options:
* [[Weapon]]s and [[Ammunition]]
* [[Armor]].
* [[Furniture]], which includes the non-furniture items [[block]]s, [[cage]]s, [[chain]]s, [[bucket]]s, [[barrel]]s, [[bin]]s, [[animal trap]]s, [[pipe section]]s, [[splint]]s and [[crutch]]es.
* [[Siege engine|Siege Equipment]], to make a [[Ballista arrow|ballista arrowhead]].
* [[Trap component]]s, for making special types of weapons which can only be used in a [[Trap#Weapon_Trap|weapon trap]], and also for making metal [[mechanism]]s.
* Other, for making various trade goods, [[anvil]]s, [[coin]]s, [[jug]]s, [[pot]]s, [[hive]]s, and for [[decorating]] items with metal studs.  Note that anvils can only be made from iron, steel or adamantine.
* Metal clothing, to make [[clothes]] out of [[cloth]] woven from strands of [[adamantine]] (though doing this is a waste of adamantine)

When you choose an option from the menu it will then ask you what type of metal to make it from, giving a list which can be scrolled through with {{K|-}} and {{K|+}} and selected with {{K|Enter}}.  Unlike with a smelter, all of the listed metals will be {{DFtext|white}}, even if you don't have any metal [[bar]]s of that type to use.  After selecting a type of metal it will list the types of items that can be made from, a list which can be scrolled through with {{K|-}} and {{K|+}} and selected with {{K|Enter}}.  If you selected a type of metal of which you have no bars then a cancellation message will be given.

===Forge skills/labors===
There are four metal working skills/labors used at a forge:
* [[Armorsmithing]], for making [[armor]].
* [[Weaponsmithing]], for making [[weapon]]s, [[ammunition]], and [[trap component]]s (but not [[mechanism]]s).  Metal weapons includes metal [[crossbow]]s, even though non-metal crossbows are made with the [[bowyer]] skill and crossbow-making labor.
* [[Metalsmithing]], for making [[furniture]], plus [[block]]s, [[cage]]s, [[bucket]]s, [[bin]]s, [[barrel]]s, and [[pipe section]]s, but '''not''' [[chain]]s or [[animal trap]]s, even though they're under the forge's "Furniture" menu.  It's also for making [[anvil]]s, even though those are under the forge's "Other" menu.
* [[Metalcrafting]], for making everything under but anvils under the "Other" menu: various trade goods, [[coin]]s, [[jug]]s, [[pot]]s, [[hive]]s, and for [[decorating]] items with studs.  It's also for making [[chain]]s, even though they go under the "Furniture" menu.

Plus there's two non-metal related skills/labors that can be used at a forge:
* [[Trapping]] can be used to make metal [[animal trap]]s.
* [[Mechanic]]s can be used to make metal [[mechanism]]s.

===Keeping skills from rusting===
If you plan on setting up a [[military]] during this tutorial game, but not right now, you should have your armor smith and weapon smith each make a few pieces of [[copper]] equipment every once in a while to keep in practice, since otherwise their skills will [[skill|rust]].

==Glass furnace==
A magma powered [[glass]] furnace is placed via {{K|b}}-{{K|e}}-{{K|a}}, in a 3x3 are with one of the non-central tiles [[channel]]ed to reveal the magma one level down; being a furnace, it needs the [[architecture]] and [[masonry]] labors to build.  Unlike a forge, everything made at a glass furnace uses a single skill/labor, {{DFtext|Glassmaking}} (the labor is under under the {{DFtext|Crafts}} labor group). Also unlike forges, glass items are made directly from the raw material ([[sand]]) rather than going through an intermediary step; glass items are ''not'' made from "raw glass".

Glass furnaces can make the following:
* [[Furniture]].
* [[Trap component]]s.
* [[Block]]s.
* [[Trade good]]s.
* [[Pipe section]]s.
* [[Vial]]s.
* Raw glass, the glass version of uncut (rough) [[gems]], which can be turned by a [[gem cutter]] into cut glass and then made into a [[decoration]] by a [[gem setter]].
* [[Window]]s. (Don't ask why beings living underground would want windows, but [[Main:../Nobles|nobles]]‡ will sometimes make [[demand]]s or production [[mandate]]s for windows.)

===Green glass, clear glass and crystal glass===
Green glass is made from [[sand]] without anything else added.  Clear glass is made from sand plus [[pearlash]]; this generally isn't worth it, since making a unit of pearlash consumes a [[log]] and takes three steps to produce.  Crystal glass is made from the [[rock crystal]] gem plus pearlash, but a bug currently prevents crystal glass from being made.

The color of sand used to make glass has no effect on the type of glass made.

===Collecting sand===
Unless you bought sand at [[embark]] or from a [[caravan]] you're going to need to collect it from a [[floor]] made from sand.  To do this:

# Make a 1x1 tile [[activity zone]] ({{K|i}} to enter zone mode, {{K|Enter}}-{{K|Enter}} once cursor is placed properly) and make it a sand collecting zone ({{K|s}}). If there's floor is made of sand and it's not covered by [[grass]], a [[shrub]] or [[tree|sapling]].  Then screen will show {{DFtext|Sand (1)|white}} if it can be used as to gather sand and {{DFtext|Sand (0)|white}} if it can't.
# Add a "Collect Sand" job to a [[glass furnace]] ({{K|q}}-{{K|a}}-{{K|s}}).
# A dwarf with the "Item Hauling" [[labor]] enabled will take an empty [[bag]] and fill it with sand.
# If there is a furniture [[Main:../Stockpiles|stockpile]]‡ with empty space which accepts sand bags the bag will be hauled there by a dwarf with the "Furniture Hauling" labor enabled.  Otherwise the bag will be left on the tile where the sand was gathered.

Some notes on this:
* A single tile of sand can fill an endless amount of bags.
* A glass furnace with an active "Collect Sand" job can't be used for anything else until the job completes or is canceled, even though the furnace is not physically being used by any dwarf.  If you want to simultaneously make glass at a glass furnace and gather sand, make a second glass furnace and issue the sand collection jobs from there.
** The furnace issuing the collection jobs doesn't use or need any power, and so can be an normal glass furnace rather than a magma powered one.
** The furnace issuing the collection jobs doesn't need to be in any particular location relative to the sand, and doesn't even need to be accessible to your dwarves.

==Ceramics and kilns==
A magma powered [[kiln]] is placed via {{K|b}}-{{K|e}}-{{K|a}}, in a 3x3 are with one of the non-central tiles [[channel]]ed to reveal the magma one level down; being a furnace, it needs the [[architecture]] and [[masonry]] labors to build.  Ceramics are made using the [[pottery]] skill/labor, which can further be [[glazed]] using the glazing labor.

Three types of ceramics can be made:
* Stoneware from [[fire clay]].
* Earthenware from all other types of [[clay]].
* [[Porcelain]] from [[kaolinite]].

Stoneware and porcelain are water-tight as-is, while earthenware is only water-tight if [[glazed]].  

Things that can be made from ceramic:
* [[Statue]]s
* Ceramic [[block]]s (called bricks)
* Large [[pot]]s.
* [[Jug]]s.
* [[Hive]]s for [[beekeeping]].
* [[Trade good]]s like [[mug]]s.

===Collecting clay===
To collect clay, follow the same steps as in the [[#Collecting_sand|collecting sand]] section, but use clay floors and kilns instead of sand floors and glass furnaces; the only big difference is that you don't need bags to gather clay.

Kaolinite is a type of stone, and is hence mined instead of gathered from an [[activity zone]].  This means that a particular fortress site will only have a limited amount of kaolinite, unlike the limitless amounts of sand and clay that can be gathered.

==Notes==
* Right now every [[metal]] object takes only one [[bar]] of metal to make.  This a bug, and when it's fixed many items will take two or more bars of metal, so don't get too used to it.
* [[Window]]s don't let outside [[light]] inside, since all outside light in the game falls straight down.
* Surface [[sand]] floors and [[clay]] floors can become covered with [[grass]], [[shrub]]s or [[tree|sapling]]s, preventing sand from being collected; underground ones can become covered with [[cave moss]], [[floor fungus]] or cavern saplings/shrubs if any [[cavern]]s have been breached.
** You can remove the grass/moss/fungus/sapling by placing a dirt [[road]] ({{K|b}}-{{K|O}}) over it.
** You can put a floor [[grate]] on top of the sand floor to prevent anything from growing there while still allowing sand to be collected.
* A sand [[bag]] will be made empty, and thus freed up for further use, if the sand is used to make glass, or if the sand is [[dump]]ed.  This requires examining the contents of the bag and marking the contents for dumping rather than the bag.  Marking the bag for dumping without marking the sand for dumping will result in the still-full-of-sand bag being dumped.
* If you mass designate many sand bags for dumping ({{K|d}}-{{K|b}}-{{K|d}}), then both the bags ''and'' the sand they contain will be marked for dumping.  If you want to dump only the bags so the sand stays inside of them (to dump them down a chute which leads to a magma power glass furnace), then either:
*# Look ({{K|k}}) at the bags and mark them for dumping individually
*# Mass designate them for dumping and use the [[Main:../Status_screen#Stocks_sub-screen|stocks screen]]‡ to remove the dumping mark from  the sand (which will be under the "Powder" category).
* If you want to do a lot of glass making, the availability of [[bag]]s it going to be a limiting factor.  Even if you have enough bags for glass making, if you tie them all up collecting sand then there won't be any left for processing food, like [[quarry bush|quarry bush leaves]], [[flour]] and [[sugar]].  You should probably wait until after the autumn [[caravan]] arrives, so you can buy lots of [[cloth]] and [[leather]] to make lots of bags.
* [[Block]]s can't be used by smelters or forges.  A block of [[ore]] can't be smelted into metal, a block of metal can't be forged or used to make an alloy, and a block of [[flux]] can't be used to make [[pig iron]] or [[steel]].