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v0.31:Trap design
| This article is about an older version of DF. |
- This page is one of several inter-related articles on the broader topic of defending your fortress and your dwarves. Trap design focuses on the theory and design of complex traps, mechanical systems and other automation for defending your fortress, and also on unusual uses of simple mechanic's traps. For a general overview of the threats that will challenge your fortress and things to consider when preparing a standard defense, see the defense guide. For tips on laying out your architecture to protect your military, see security design. For specific advice on how to get your soldiers prepared for any threat, see military design. See trapper for catching vermin-sized creatures in animal traps.
- For suggestions on disposing of nobles and other unwanted residents, see unfortunate accident.
- For a basic overview of how the different machine parts work and work together, see machinery.
- Editors & Contributors - Please see the discussion page before posting.
Introduction
Simple one-tile traps* are just that - they exist only on their own tile, trigger themselves when a target walks onto that one tile, and affect only that one tile. Complex traps and automation rely on linking doors, hatches, floodgates, bridges and mechanic's traps to levers or pressure plates, along with machinery to provide the power to run some of the more diabolical designs. When the trigger is activated, it sends a signal to the linked device. That signal is not always as simple as "do it now", but it's specifically either to "open" or to "close". By manipulating what does what and when, and what follows from that, impressive results can be achieved.
- (* specifically, the stone-fall trap, weapon trap, and cage trap.)
- To fully understand how these component objects work individually (before combining them into diabolical and complex combinations), see those main articles.
Basic traps
These are the simple traps that are placed by a mechanic. They require one mechanism but do not require levers or triggers. They can be a quick, easy and brutally effective "first defense" for a fledgling fortress, but they can also be combined into key parts of more complex set ups. For tips on using these basic traps effectively, see the Trap Strategies section.
Stone fall trap
- This is the easiest trap to build, so you can easily build them in large numbers. Building lots of them is an easy way to earn experience for your mechanic, and add to the depth of your fort's defenses at the same time. Surrounding intersections and stairways is a good way of handling threats that make it inside the fortress, including berserk dwarves.
Weapon trap
- The gold standard of lethal traps. This is the only simple trap that works repeatedly without reloading. They do get jammed, however. View the trap with the items in room t mode, and if there's a corpse inside the trap, it's jammed. None of the weapons on a jammed trap will function. It may be wiser to have several weapon traps with fewer weapons, rather than a smaller number of ten-weapon traps.
- Using crossbows or other projectile weapons in weapon traps avoids the problem of jamming, but they must be kept loaded with ammo. Mechanics will load them with any ammo that is not forbidden. They will load each until each type of weapon has ten rounds of ammo. Hammers seem to jam less than swords or axes, and spears seem to jam the most. Your dwarves will attempt to unjam traps unless otherwise forbidden.
Cage trap
- A very powerful type of trap. Maybe even too powerful - currently, even a wooden or glass cage can hold indefinitely any creature short of a titan, even trolls and megabeasts. A cage trap never fails, although creatures with the [TRAP_AVOID] tag cannot be captured unless knocked unconscious or webbed first. Use cage traps as your outermost traps to catch the occasional wandering animal, angry wounded elephant or unicorn, or even zombies. Caged animals and enemies will be safely brought to any animal stockpiles you have, but may escape later if you are not careful. For more information, see captured creatures.
Linked traps
These traps require a trigger such as a pressure plate or lever. They will require at least three mechanisms, one for the trigger and two to create the link. The trigger can be located any distance from the trap, typically close for a pressure plate or far away for a lever.
For a system that repeatedly activates automatically and regularly regardless of enemies, see Repeater.
Menacing spikes
Menacing spikes or upright spears appear on the basic mechanic's Trap menu, but must be activated remotely to pop out of the ground and impale anyone standing on that tile. Vast forests of these can make any area a killing field.
While upright spike defense systems never jam, they also do not discriminate. When activated, they will inflict piercing damage on whatever is standing on the tile, whether it be friend or foe. You can use traffic designations to help somewhat. Designate the spike trap tiles as "restricted" then make a longer path going around the spikes that's designated as "high traffic." Pets and merchants/diplomats will probably still get skewered, though.
Trap strategies
These are some basic tricks that can be used with most any trap design, basic or complex.
Bait animals
Enemies will hunt down and kill friendly tame animals wandering outside if they have nothing better to do. Put an expendable animal on a restraint or in a 1x1 pen zone in some random spot outside, build a few columns around it to reduce the chance of them shooting it, and trap that area to hell and back. Also known as the "Tar Baby" strategy.
Note that this is a horrible method of getting rid of cats, as they will often adopt a dwarf who will then attempt to free the cat. This may lead to the unfortunate situation of Urist McCatlover getting skewered by an ambush party while on his way to free Mr. Baitykins.
Bait furniture
Building destroyers can be baited by furniture, which they will path to and destroy, if they can. Furniture bait allows you to selectively target building destroyers, to draw them away from other aggressors or to a different trap. This can be useful when, for instance, you'd like to draw a building destroyer like a giant cave spider into a cage trap, but don't want to bother caging all of the other wildlife around it. It can also be useful for trapping monsters with special attacks that you'd rather not see go off, as the building destroyer won't use any special attacks on furniture as it would an animal. For instance, you could use bait furniture to trap a forgotten beast with deadly dust without causing it to spew more contagion.
Bait furniture can be especially effective when used with artifact quality furniture. Artifact furniture cannot be destroyed, but building destroyers will still attempt to path to them, at which point they will ineffectually attempt to destroy the furniture. This makes traps baited with artifact furniture easily reusable.
Trapping efficiently part 1
As the converse of building many traps everywhere, consider instead herding your enemies into a few traps. A cross-hair pattern of walls or impassable channels with an array of traps in the middle gap will increase the usage of each individual trap. This is particularly useful when capturing wildlife. You may also want a few traps near the edges, to catch the creatures that attempt to go around it.
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Trapping efficiently part 2
If the path where you will place your traps has bends, expect the enemy to take the most direct path - it's not guaranteed, but they will tend to hug the inside of a corner, and rarely detour to a dead-end (represented by "x").
╔═════════ ║ ║xx ?? ║ ║x ??? ║???║ .???? ? = unpredictable path ║???║ .╔═════ ║ ??║ . ║ . = most likely path ║ .║g ║ g = invader ║x . x║ ║xx xx║ x = unlikely detour ╚═══════╝
Once in a straight hall, anything is possible (represented by "?"), but placing your best (or first) traps on the inside path near "inside" corners (and de-emphasizing outside "dead-end" corners) is the best bet. If two invaders are side-by-side, they will wander, and random actions are always possible, but if you had to guess, this is the way to do it.
Trapping efficiently part 3
If there are a lot of hills outside, remove most of the ramps, then trap those last few routes. The only way for creatures to get around will be to go through your traps.
░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ ▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲ Before ++++++++++++++++++ ░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ +++++++^▲^++++++++ After +++++++^^^++++++++
Trapping efficiently part 4
Have a river or any kind of chasm? Construct a floor over it (not a bridge), then build traps over it. Brooks won't work for this, because everything can already walk over the top of a brook. It also won't work as well in winter on a map that freezes.
+++++++++++░^^░+++++++++++ +++++++++++░^^░+++++++++++ +++++++++++░^^░+++++++++++ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~░^^░~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ Nobody ever said that it had to end at the river banks. ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~░^^░~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ Building walls along the side allows you to make it longer +++++++++++░^^░+++++++++++ and to fill it with more traps. +++++++++++░^^░+++++++++++ +++++++++++░^^░+++++++++++
Crushing weight traps
Dropping the Hammer
Lowering drawbridges on invaders will crush them into nothingness. Known as the 'Dwarven Atom Smasher', bridges will destroy most things with some notable exceptions including wagons and elephants, who will not only survive unscathed but also destroy the bridge.
Try replacing the side wall of a part of your main entrance with a drawbridge, big enough so it spans the whole hallway. Link the drawbridge to a trigger, and whenever you feel like it activate the trap. This can be done with minimal effort and used to smash invaders, unwanted immigrants, bothersome nobles, or simply to destroy your garbage.
Intentional cave-in
Supports can be linked to triggers. Building a section of floor that is deliberately held up only by a trapped support allows for an intentional cave-in.
- Invaders dropped into a pit can be wounded or killed.
- Dropping a floor or wall directly onto any creature will instantly kill it, regardless of its size.
- The cave-in will also knock nearby invaders unconscious. This will stun them, and also make them susceptible to simple traps (even if normally immune).
- Cave-ins will not reveal invisible invaders, such as ambushers unless it kills them outright, in which case their bodies become visible.
The biggest drawback of this sort of trap is the "reload" process, which can be relatively time consuming. Have a drawbridge that can seal off the work area so your mechanics and masons can reconstruct the setup in peace.
Water traps
These traps drown, freeze, boil, or wash targets away. Errors in execution can be quite harmful to your fortress fun, so use with caution.
Drown and burn
A flooding room trap combined with an unextinguishable burning Lignite bin. The water will evaporate on the bin's tile, causing the water from the surrounding tiles to move to it, which then get evaporated as well. The water will also push the invaders onto the fire, causing them to burn to death... in a flooding chamber.
NOTE: Traps involving large quantities of water turning into steam are as effective at killing your framerate as they are goblins. Use with caution, and have the cut-off lever at the ready.
Drowning hall
Level 0
░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ ░ - Wall ->++▼··················▼++-> -> - Direction of traffic ->++▼··················▼++-> ▼ - Down-Ramps (as visible from one level above = see ramp) ->++▼··················▼++-> + - Floor ░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ · - Open space
Level -1
░░░░░░XX░░░░░░░░XX░░░░░░ X - Inflow ░░▲++▼··▼++++++▼··▼++▲░░ ░░▲++▼··▼++++++▼··▼++▲░░ ▲ - Up-Ramps ░░▲++▼··▼++++++▼··▼++▲░░ ░░░░░░XX░░░░░░░░XX░░░░░░ ▼ - Down-Ramps
Level -2
░░░░░░xx░░░░░░░░xx░░░░░░ x - Outflow ░░░░░▲++▲░░░░░░▲++▲░░░░░ ░░░░░▲++▲░░░░░░▲++▲░░░░░ ░░░░░▲++▲░░░░░░▲++▲░░░░░ ░░░░░░xx░░░░░░░░xx░░░░░░
If enemies are in the middle of Level -1, open the inflow, then the water will first trap, and then drown them. If the pit is full, close the in- and open the outflow. You can automate this by using pressure plates, or if you want to have more fun, replace the water with magma (which would require pressure plates and floodgates to be magma-safe).
Selective smiting tower
This is a trap that can be built in discrete units. Each unit requires a lot of labor and protects only a small area, though in a dramatic manner. A wall of these around the map sharing a single massive water reservoir makes a very effective siege defense, as each tower component can be linked to a lever and used to wipe out a single invading squad at a time. Note: This may count as a stupid dwarf trick.
While a pressure plate in the center of this trap can trigger it and drown hidden ambushers, such an arrangement is subject to double-activation and failure. A pressure plate that only triggers once will break and the system will be incapable of self-reloading. A lever is highly recommended.
Using a cross-hair pattern of walls, invaders are herded through the trap. Inside the fortress, Urist McLeverpuller does his job. Floodgates on the ground close, hatches on the ceiling open, and drowning ensues. When all enemies are dead, the lever is pulled again. The hatches close and the floodgates open, allowing a rush of water and bodies to spill out.
Schematics shown are for a stand-alone tower, though the upper level can be linked with many similar towers for a grid-like defensive system.
Level 0
░░X░░X░X░░X░░ ░ - Wall ░+++++░+++++░ + - Floor X+++++░+++++X X - Floodgate ░+++++░+++++░ H - Hatch ░+++++░+++++░ - - Water Reservior X+++++░+++++X ░░░░░░+░░░░░░ X+++++░+++++X ░+++++░+++++░ ░+++++░+++++░ X+++++░+++++X ░+++++░+++++░ ░░X░░X░X░░X░░
Level 1
░░░░░░░░░░░░░ ░-----------░ ░-H--H-H--H-░ ░-----------░ ░-----------░ ░-H-------H-░ ░-----------░ ░-H-------H-░ ░-----------░ ░-----------░ ░-H--H-H--H-░ ░-----------░ ░░░░░░░░░░░░░
Degrinchinator
Water open to the sky in freezing biomes will freeze instantly, completely destroying anything caught in it. By digging a channel entrance to your fort and selectively allowing it to flood as invaders pass through, you can commit genocide with appalling efficiency. The only disadvantage to this trap is its size: because water freezes so quickly, each entry channel must have a source of non-freezing water right next to it.
Observe: http://mkv25.net/dfma/movie-231-degrinchinator
Semi-automatic Orcsicle maker
Similar to the aforementioned Degrinchinator design but widened to permit the freezing of entire caravans. This model also boasts a handy mechanical reset feature.
Observe: http://mkv25.net/dfma/movie-1675-semi-automaticorcsiclemaker
In depth design, pictures and caveats for this trap.
Fully Automatic Ice Trap
The hallway is exposed to the elements, and water there freezes instantly. The rest of the trap is underground. When an enemy steps on the pressure plate, the hallway is flooded with water immediately. Some of the water that doesn't freeze also triggers a second pressure plate. The second pressure plate pumps magma into the room directly beneath the main hallway, which melts the ice. The water is pumped out and retracting bridges then return the water and magma to their original positions. This trap was also inspired by the Degrinchinator.
Observe: http://mkv25.net/dfma/movie-2239-automaticresettingicetrap
Longer explanation: http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=63346.0
Flusher
Have a water reservoir to one side of the path the intruders should take, and a deep chasm at the other side. When invaders are on the path, just pull a lever to flush them out.
A compact version of this can be set up with a reservoir tower and a path circling it:
Level 0
····························· ░ - Wall ->++++++++++++++++++++++++++· -> - Direction of traffic ->++++++++++++++++++++++++++· ▼ - Down-Ramps (as visible from one level above = see ramp) ->++++++++++++++++++++++++++· + - Floor ░XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX░+++· · - Open space ░~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~X+++· X - Floodgate OR retracting bridge ░~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~X+++· ~ - Water ░~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~X+++· ░~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~X+++· ░XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX░+++· <-++++++++++++++++++++++++++· <-++++++++++++++++++++++++++· <-++++++++++++++++++++++++++· ·····························
Be sure that the reservoir can hold enough water to flush everything out (3 levels should be enough), that it can be automatically or easily refilled quickly, and be advised that flushing your own dwarves can be much fun. Adjust the height of the chasm depending on how much damage you want to cause to intruders or to innocent bystanders (7 levels start to do some serious damage).
Once flushed, the victims will try a way out (to re-invade the fortress, or to flee). Make sure there are some maintenance-free traps in their way. If you plan to collect goblinite afterwards, have a way to drain the bottom of the trap dry.
Magma and fire traps
These traps incinerate targets, or possibly encase them in obsidian. Magma does not play favorites - read up (again) on magma, and use with extreme caution. Fire traps are included in this category because magma is often the best method of starting a fire.
Sealed fate
Create an airlock using two bridges, two doors or whatever you like best. Make it a medium sized chamber, perhaps 10x10 or so. Channel out the floors around the rim, and rig up a system to pump magma into the room, or drop it from the roof. Enemies will quickly be destroyed, and with the magma in the channels, you can pump it out for future use or just leave it. The idea here is a re-useable magma trap; you can use this with a pressure plate, too. It also leaves behind any magma-proof items the invaders might have been carrying.
Variation: By placing magma-safe hatches on the ceiling and quickly activating and deactivating the trap, you can limit the use of magma. It doesn't take a lot of magma to set a goblin on fire: only 1/7 deep will do it, and using less magma means it will dry on its own. It does take a while for an enemy to burn to death, but what's better than spending the whole summer watching a room full of smoke and dying goblins?
Dwarven incinerator
Certain minerals such as lignite and graphite have an ignition point but no melting point, meaning that once they are set on fire they will burn for a very long time (about 9-10 months) unless exposed to water or rain. Any item made out of these materials has this property, which can be used to design horrifying fiery death traps.
Consider a hallway filled with lignite floor grates, which can be built directly on the floor and do not impede the passage of enemies. Pouring magma on any one of these grates will set it alight, and the fire will spread to all connected grates. The end result is a lot of constant smoke and a hallway that kills anything that passes through it. Consider restricting access to your dwarves or building this in a pit with a retractable bridge over top: the mere fact that a location is on fire will not stop them from walking through it. On the plus side, goblins are just as stupid.
Misc trap designs
By clever and creative use of various elements, it is possible to create impressive systems that fill a variety of functions.
Casual impalement
One method of creating a zone of constant slaughter is to link a pressure plate in your main dining hall or main hallway to a patch of menacing spikes or spears. As your dwarves/pets mill around conversing/mating, they will constantly trigger the spike system without regard to the consequences.
Variation: Drop goblins into a holding pit with various spike traps linked to your pressure plate artfully placed around the chamber. Watch as every dining hall party begins to be measured in goblin blood.
- TESTED: This works exceedingly well.
Chasm trap
The easiest chasm trap is just a retractable bridge, very high up or over a very deep hole; instead of flinging invaders when raised, it just drops them.
A uselessly complicated collapsing spiral trap can take out ten goblins at a time. When finished, it looks like this:
+++ ..........+++ .++++++++#+++ .+╔══════. # = retractable bridge .+║++++++. .+║+╔══╗+. + = floor .+║+║A+║+. .+║+╚═+║+. . = open space .+║++^+║+. .+╚════╝+. ^ = pressure plate .++++++++. .......... A = bait animal
The goblins are lured in by a restrained bait animal, and can't shoot it due to the surrounding walls. Just before they reach the bait, they trigger a pressure plate that retracts the bridge and collapses the support holding up the whole spiral. Goblins, bait animal, walls and all plummet into the chasm.
When building, you will need to build a span of floor underneath, for the support, as bridges do not support constructions (which is also why you want a bridge as the access, so it will not hold up the trap*). You will also need to have a floor tile between your floor and solid ground or wall while constructing, as the bridge alone will not work as a base, but you can remove it once the support is in place.
Because the outcome of this fairly complex trap can be easily obtained by just using a retractable bridge, it qualifies as a stupid dwarf trick.
Dodge Me Trap
Passing over a catwalk of traps, invaders will find themselves dodging into your pit. Since you can seal the pit with bridges, it doesn't complicate access to your fortress while inactive. Beware of dwarves fighting on top of it when active, as they will dodge too. Using weapon traps with a lot of possible hits can make an invader dodge multiple times at once, allowing him to dodge across an open space tile, skipping the pit.
Simple version:
+............+ ^ weapon trap +............+ + floor, your fort on one side; the savage wilds on the other +^^^^^^^^^^^^+ . Pit +............+ +............+
Compact version:
+#########+ # retractable bridge with pit underneath +#^^^^^^^^+ +#^#######+ + floor +#^^^^^^^#+ +#######^#+ ^ traps +#^^^^^^^#+ ══+++═══════
Land mines
In any suitable open area which hasn't been dug out underneath, build a support and an adjacent multi-use pressure plate set to trigger on creatures (but not citizens), link them together, then build floor tiles above the support and pressure plate. When an enemy steps on the pressure plate, the game will pause and recenter the view with the announcement "A section of the cavern has collapsed!", at which point the enemy will be crushed and its companions will be stunned or knocked unconscious by the cloud of dust (though not necessarily revealed, in the case of an ambush).
Pitfall trap
A long retracting bridge in your entrance tunnel, with the pressure plate right in front of the fortress doors. The expression on the face of the point-goblin who reaches them only to watch his comrades plunge to whatever gruesome fate you have prepared for them will be a mental picture to cherish.
You may also consider linking these bridges to levers for more control, just in case a goblin thief triggers the pressure plate while a caravan is on the bridge.
Door number one
If you're having trouble dealing with building destroyers that don't set off traps, consider the following design, as seen from the side:
bridge____ MAGMA+^______________________/
Put the magma behind a door (probably with an open floodgate, so you can re-use the trap). In front of the door, place a pressure plate set to go off on magma of 0 to 0. Link the pressure plate to a retracting bridge that covers the exit ramp to the area. Although you can't get the creature to set off traps, as soon as it breaks the door, magma will spill over the pressure plate, locking the creature in the hallway that is rapidly filling with magma. You could combine this with a simple levered hatch for drainage, but it's recommended you combine it instead with a bridged reservoir above for an obsidian trap, as magma kills too slowly to allow you to reuse the trap on the next trapavoid building destroyer.
Goblin Grinder
Designed by forum member Fenwah in this thread: http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=62798.0
This is an extremely effective and nearly maintenance-free way of defending against invading enemies. The simplest design is a straight corridor with a hatch on either end, triggered by a pressure plate immediately before it. A channel is carved under the hatches and the ramp removed. The corridor is then filled with traps.
====================== #^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^# ======================
The ends of the corridor are left open, allowing invaders to rush down the corridor, thinking it is an easy entrance into your fort. When they step on the pressure plate at the end, the hatch raises, exposing the uncrossable channel and blocking the exit. The invader's pathfinding decides to run back the other way, as that is now the only exit. As he reaches the other end, that hatch opens, causing him to run back and forth inside the corridor, unable to escape. As he runs back and forth, the traps grind himself into a fine mist with no effort on your part. Creatures will occasionally fall into the pit dug underneath the hatches, but these are easily dealt with such as building a room underneath the channels filled with more traps.
By setting the pressure plates to be unaffected by citizens, it's easy for them to walk through and collect the remaining goblinite unharmed once the siege ends.
Its two main disadvantages are being susceptible to both trap-avoiding creatures and Building Destroyers. These can be safeguarded by any of the other many usual ways of defending against this type of creature. It's also possible for a creature to be "stuck" in only the first few tiles of the trap, as they try to escape after taking enough damage, only walking two or three steps into the trap, then immediately turning around and trying to exit, and so only walking past already-triggered traps. Again, you can get rid of these with your military with no problem.
Some usage ideas from the thread:
- Without traps and placing only one pressure plate/hatch combination at the end leading into your fort, it makes a very simple dwarf-only one-way door into your fort. Non dwarves that attempt to enter will be blocked and turn around and take the exit. Alternately a good way of keeping creatures inside an area while allowing dwarf passage.
- With some additional work (details in the thread), it can be built as a repeater system, with a pressure plate inside hooked up to some other device that you want to repeatedly trigger. A pet running back and forth inside attempting to reach its owner or releasing a trapped prisoner and tempting them with freedom in exchange for running back and forth will repeatedly hit the pressure plate inside.
- Similarly, place a pressure plate inside that will link to some other action such as spike traps outside the entrance, impaling invaders waiting for their turn to enter the grinder as their friends run down the corridor.
- Don't fill with traps; instead, carve fortifications into the walls and use the trapped invaders as target practice and training for your archers.
- Don't fill with traps; instead fill with magma at your convenience.
- Fill with very weak weapon traps that will only maim the prisoner. Put an atom smasher near the other end that will be triggered as he tries to crawl towards freedom.
- With some effort and design, it could possibly be used as a component in building dwarven logic gates.
Bioweapon Trap
Some of the underground's nastier creatures are capable of breathing syndrome-bearing deadly dust. While such dust can easily spread and lead to the downfall of a fort, more masochistic players may seek ways to weaponize it. Syndrome-bearing blood may be used similarly, but placement of the trap is a great deal more difficult.
At its simplest, a bioweapon trap is a single tile of syndrome-bearing extract. It can be placed by moving an item covered in dust to the desired location via stockpiling or dumping, and then pouring a bucket of water over the item, transferring the dust from the item to the tile it sits on. A simple way to get your dwarves to pour a bucket of water over the item is via designation of a pond zone.
A bioweapon placed underground will quickly be cleaned by any dwarf with the cleaning labor enabled. Surface bioweapons are more stable.
Any affected creature is likely to carry the contamination with it past the location of the bioweapon. This can be useful, if you've discovered a particularly interesting extract that you no longer have a way to generate, but it can also be dangerous to the well-being of your fortress. A pile of extract sitting in 2/7 water will not block pathing, and will simultaneously infect and wash creatures passing through it. Placement of extract in a damp trench can be difficult, as the water will tend to carry the extract on to the walls, but with persistence, it can be done. Extract/water combos like this are best placed underground to prevent freezing or evaporation; the presence of mud on the damp tiles will prevent your dwarves from cleaning.
The deadliness of a bioweapon depends entirely on the extract used to create it, and can range from debilitating nausea (perfect to incapacitate invaders while your military mops them up, yet unlikely to lead to serious damage to your own fort), to death by bleeding within 600 ticks (a half day). Given the proper extract, you could even create a beneficial bioweapon trap that prevents those affected from suffering pain. Footwear appears to protect, leaving any bioweapon trap much more deadly to your own dwarves than to any invader.
Bioweapon traps have the potential to be very powerful but should be considered extremely risky, as extracts are capable of multiplication and don't distinguish between friend or foe. A single bioweapon trap could easily kill all of your dwarves in a season. Bioweapons never require cleaning or resetting, but won't work on many foes.
Alternative biotraps are possible. Using a 'deadly dust' creature rather than its extract is possible, but impractical, as creatures will not use dust attacks without a path to a target, and the creature will be vulnerable, at the very least, to ranged attacks. Should you discover a creature with noxious secretions that boil at a low temperature, such a creature can be used even while caged: it's secretions will affect anything nearby, but the creature that bears the syndrome remains invulnerable to attack. Good luck getting the cage where you want it!